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Item: 254972356695

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Historical Period:Roman: Provincial (100-400 AD)
Cleaned/Uncleaned:Uncleaned
Provenance:Ownership History Available
Year:238 AD
Era:Ancient
Certification Number:Available
Grade:VG grade
KM Number:KM 289
Modified Item:No
Certification:ANLLC

Roman coin.Gordian III.Odessos Mint 238-244 AD.lot 289. Shipped with USPS First Class. Weight: 11.85 gm Diameter: 26 mm VG condition Certificate of Authenticity included. Gordian III & Serapis of Thrace.Odessos Mint 238-244 AD. Gordian III(Latin:Marcus Antonius Gordianus; 20 January 225 11 February 244 AD) wasRoman emperorfrom AD 238 to 244. At the age of 13, he became the youngest sole Roman emperor. Gordian was the son ofAntonia Gordianaand Junius Balbus who died before 238.Antonia Gordiana was the daughter of EmperorGordian Iand younger sister of EmperorGordian II. Very little is known of his early life before his acclamation. Gordian had assumed the name of his maternal grandfather in 238 AD. Rise to power In 235AD, following the murder of EmperorAlexander Severusin Moguntiacum,the capital of theRoman provinceGermania Superior,Maximinus Thraxwas acclaimed Emperor.In the following years, there was a growing opposition against Maximinus in theRoman senateand amongst the majority of the population of Rome. In 238 a rebellion broke out in theAfrica Province, where Gordian’s grandfather and uncle, Gordian I and II, were proclaimed joint emperors.This revolt was suppressed within a month by Cappellianus, governor ofNumidiaand a loyal supporter of Maximinus Thrax. The Senate, showing its hostility towards Maximinus by supporting the Gordiani, electedPupienusandBalbinusas joint emperors.These senators were not popular men, so the Senate decided to raise Marcus Antonius Gordianus to the rank ofCaesar.Maximinus, moving quickly to attack the senate’s newly elected emperors, encountered difficulties marching his army through an Alpine winter.Arriving at Aquileia and short on supplies, Maximinus besieged the city.After four weeks, Maximinus’ demoralized army mutinied and theLegio II Parthicamurdered him. The situation for Pupienus and Balbinus, despite Maximinus’ death, was doomed from the start with popular riots, military discontent and an enormous fire that consumed Rome in June 238. On July 29, Pupienus and Balbinus were killed by thePraetorian Guardand Gordian proclaimed sole emperor. Reign Due to Gordian’s age, the imperial government was surrendered to the aristocratic families, who controlled the affairs of Rome through the Senate.In 240, Sabinianusrevolted in the African province, but he was quickly defeated.In 241AD,Gordian was married toFuria Sabinia Tranquillina,daughter of the newly appointed praetorian prefect,Timesitheus. As chief of the Praetorian Guard and father in law of the Emperor, Timesitheus quickly became thede factoruler of the Roman Empire. During Gordian’s reign there were severeearthquakes, so severe that cities fell into the ground along with their inhabitants.In response to these earthquakes Gordian consulted theSibylline books. By the 3rd century, the Roman frontiers weakened against the Germanic tribes across theRhineandDanube, and theSassanid Empireacross theEuphratesincreased its own attacks. When the Sasanians underShapur IinvadedMesopotamia, the young emperor opened the doors of theTemple of Janusfor the last time in Roman history, and sent a large army to the East. TheSassanidswere driven back over the Euphrates and defeated in theBattle of Resaena(243AD).The campaign was a success and Gordian, who had joined the army, was planning an invasion of the enemy’s territory, when his father-in-law died in unclear circumstances. Without Timesitheus, the campaign, and the Emperor’s security, were at risk. Due to the campaign’s success, Gordian celebrated with atriumphand boasted about his achievements to the Senate. Gaius Julius Priscusand, later on, his own brother Marcus Julius Philippus, also known asPhilip the Arab, stepped in at this moment as the new Praetorian PrefectsGordian would then start a second campaign. Around February 244AD, the Sasanians fought back fiercely to halt the Roman advance to Ctesiphon. The eventual fate of Gordian after the battle is unclear. Sasanian sources claim that a battle occurred (Battle of Misiche) near modernFallujah(Iraq) and resulted in a major Roman defeat and the death of Gordian III.One view holds that Gordian died at Zaitha, murdered by his frustrated army, while the role of Philip is unknown.Scholarly analyses suggest the Sasanian version “while defective is superior” to the Roman one. The deposition of Gordian’s body is also a matter of controversy. According to David S. Potter, Philip transferred the body of the deceased emperor to Rome and arranged for his deification.Edwell, Dodgeon, and Lieu state that Philip had Gordian buried at Zaitha after the campaign against the Sasanians had ended in failure. Serapis(Koin Greek:, later form) orSarapis(, earlier form, originallyDemotic:wsjr-p,Coptic:Userhapi”Osiris-Apis”) is aGraeco-Egyptiandeity. The cult of Serapis was pushed forward during the third century BC on the orders of Greek PharaohPtolemy I Soterof thePtolemaic Kingdomin Egypt as a means to unify the Greeks and Egyptians in his realm. Aserapeum(Koin Greek:serapeion) was any temple or religious precinct devoted to Serapis. Thecultusof Serapis was spread as a matter of deliberate policy by the Ptolemaic kings, who also built the immenseSerapeum of Alexandria. Serapis continued to increase in popularity during theRoman Empire, often replacing Osiris as the consort ofIsisin temples outside Egypt. Serapis was depicted as Greek in appearance but with Egyptian trappings, and combined iconography from a great many cults, signifying both abundance and resurrection. Though Ptolemy I may have created the official cult of Serapis and endorsed him as a patron of the Ptolemaic dynasty andAlexandria, Serapis was a syncretistic deity derived from the worship of the EgyptianOsirisandApisand also gained attributes from other deities, such aschthonicpowers linked to the GreekHadesandDemeter, and benevolence linked toDionysus. There is evidence that the cult of Serapis existed before the Ptolemies came to power in Alexandria: a temple of Serapis in Egypt is mentioned in 323BC by bothPlutarch(Life of Alexander, 76) andArrian.The common assertion that Ptolemy “created” the deity is derived from sources which describe him erecting a statue of Serapis in Alexandria: this statue enriched the texture of the Serapis conception by portraying him in both Egyptian and Greek style. In 389AD, a Christian mob led byPope Theophilus of Alexandriadestroyed the Serapeum of Alexandria, but the cult survived until all forms of pagan religion were suppressed underTheodosius Iin 391. Name and origins The name of the deity is derived from the syncretic worship ofOsirisand the bullApisas a single deity under the Egyptian namewsjr-p.This name was later written in Coptic asUserhapi. “Sarapis” was the most common form in Ancient Greek until Roman times, when “Serapis” became common. The most renowned serapeum was in Alexandria.UnderPtolemy I Soter, efforts were made to integrate Egyptian religion with that of their Hellenic rulers. Ptolemy’s policy was to find a deity that should win the reverence alike of both groups, despite the curses of the Egyptian priests against the gods of the other previous foreign rulers (e.g.Set, who was lauded by theHyksos).Alexander the Greathad attempted to useAmunfor this purpose, but he was more prominent inUpper Egypt, and not as popular inLower Egypt, where the Greeks had stronger influence. The Greeks had little respect for animal-headed figures, and so a Greek-styleanthropomorphicstatue was chosen as theidol, and proclaimed as the equivalent of the highly popular Apis.It was namedUserhapi(i.e. “Osiris-Apis”), which became GreekSarapis, and was said to be Osiris in full. Certificate of Authenticity included.

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